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Review Articles|6 Article(s)
Overview of wall probes for erosion and deposition studies in the TEXTOR tokamak
M. Rubel, S. Brezinsek, J.W. Coenen, A. Huber, A. Kirschner, A. Kreter, P. Petersson, V. Philipps, A. Pospieszczyk, B. Schweer, G. Sergienko, T. Tanabe, Y. Ueda, and P. Wienhold
An overview of diagnostic tools e test limiters and collector probes e used over the years for material migration studies in the TEXTOR tokamak is presented. Probe transfer systems are shown and their technical capabilities are described. this is accompanied by a brief presentation of selected results and conclusions from the research on material erosion e deposition processes including tests of candidate materials (e.g. W, Mo, carbon-based composites) for plasma-facing components in controlled fusion devices. the use of tracer techniques and methods for analysis of materials retrieved from the tokamak are summarized. the impact of research on the reactor wall technology is addressed. An overview of diagnostic tools e test limiters and collector probes e used over the years for material migration studies in the TEXTOR tokamak is presented. Probe transfer systems are shown and their technical capabilities are described. this is accompanied by a brief presentation of selected results and conclusions from the research on material erosion e deposition processes including tests of candidate materials (e.g. W, Mo, carbon-based composites) for plasma-facing components in controlled fusion devices. the use of tracer techniques and methods for analysis of materials retrieved from the tokamak are summarized. the impact of research on the reactor wall technology is addressed.
Matter and Radiation at Extremes
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 2017
- Vol. 2, Issue 3, 87 (2017)
In situ determination of crystal structure and chemistry of minerals at Earth's deep lower mantle conditions
Hongsheng Yuan, and Li Zhang
Recent advances in experimental techniques and data processing allow in situ determination of mineral crystal structure and chemistry up to Mbar pressures in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell (DAC), providing the fundamental information of the mineralogical constitution of our Earth's interior. this work highlights several recent breakthroughs in the field of high-pressure mineral crystallography, including the stability of bridgmanite, the single-crystal structure studies of post-perovskite and H-phase as well as the identification of hydrous minerals and iron oxides in the deep lower mantle. the future development of high-pressure crystallography is also discussed. Recent advances in experimental techniques and data processing allow in situ determination of mineral crystal structure and chemistry up to Mbar pressures in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell (DAC), providing the fundamental information of the mineralogical constitution of our Earth's interior. this work highlights several recent breakthroughs in the field of high-pressure mineral crystallography, including the stability of bridgmanite, the single-crystal structure studies of post-perovskite and H-phase as well as the identification of hydrous minerals and iron oxides in the deep lower mantle. the future development of high-pressure crystallography is also discussed.
Matter and Radiation at Extremes
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 2017
- Vol. 2, Issue 3, 117 (2017)
Review of supershort avalanche electron beam during nanosecond-pulse discharges in some gases
[in Chinese], [in Chinese], [in Chinese], [in Chinese], [in Chinese], [in Chinese], [in Chinese], [in Chinese], [in Chinese], and [in Chinese]
Supershort avalanche electron beam (SAEB) plays an important role in nanosecond-pulse discharges. this paper aims at reviewing experiments results on characteritics of SAEB and its spectra in different gases in nanosecond-pulse discharges. All the joint experiments were carried in the Institute of High Current Electronics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Electrical Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In these experiments, the generation of a SAEB in SF6 in an inhomogeneous electric field was studied on three generators with pulse rise times of 0.3, 0.5 and ~2 ns. Firstly, the comparison of SAEB parameters in SF6 with those obtained in other gases (air, nitrogen, argon, and krypton) is introduced. Secondly, the SAEB spectra in SF6 and air at pressures of 10 kPa (75 torr), and 0.1 MPa (750 torr) are reviewed and discussed. Finally, 1.5-D theoretical simulation of the supershort pulse of the fast electron beam in a coaxial diode filled with SF6 at atmospheric pressure is described. the simulation was carried out in the framework of hybrid model for discharge and runaway electron kinetics. the above research progress can provide better understanding of the investigation into the mechanism of nanosecond-pulse discharges. Supershort avalanche electron beam (SAEB) plays an important role in nanosecond-pulse discharges. this paper aims at reviewing experiments results on characteritics of SAEB and its spectra in different gases in nanosecond-pulse discharges. All the joint experiments were carried in the Institute of High Current Electronics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Electrical Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In these experiments, the generation of a SAEB in SF6 in an inhomogeneous electric field was studied on three generators with pulse rise times of 0.3, 0.5 and ~2 ns. Firstly, the comparison of SAEB parameters in SF6 with those obtained in other gases (air, nitrogen, argon, and krypton) is introduced. Secondly, the SAEB spectra in SF6 and air at pressures of 10 kPa (75 torr), and 0.1 MPa (750 torr) are reviewed and discussed. Finally, 1.5-D theoretical simulation of the supershort pulse of the fast electron beam in a coaxial diode filled with SF6 at atmospheric pressure is described. the simulation was carried out in the framework of hybrid model for discharge and runaway electron kinetics. the above research progress can provide better understanding of the investigation into the mechanism of nanosecond-pulse discharges.
Matter and Radiation at Extremes
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 2017
- Vol. 2, Issue 3, 105 (2017)
Recent advances in high-pressure science and technology
Ho-Kwang Mao, Bin Chen, Jiuhua Chen, Kuo Li, Jung-Fu Lin, Wenge Yang, and Haiyan Zheng
Recently we are witnessing the boom of high-pressure science and technology from a small niche field to becoming a major dimension in physical sciences. One of the most important technological advances is the integration of synchrotron nanotechnology with the minute samples at ultrahigh pressures. Applications of high pressure have greatly enhanced our understanding of the electronic, phonon, and doping effects on the newly emerged graphene and related 2D layered materials. High pressure has created exotic stoichiometry even in common Group 17, 15, and 14 compounds and drastically altered the basic s and p bonding of organic compounds. Differential pressure measurements enable us to study the rheology and flow of mantle minerals in solid state, thus quantitatively constraining the geodynamics. They also introduce a new approach to understand defect and plastic deformations of nano particles. These examples open new frontiers of high-pressure research. Recently we are witnessing the boom of high-pressure science and technology from a small niche field to becoming a major dimension in physical sciences. One of the most important technological advances is the integration of synchrotron nanotechnology with the minute samples at ultrahigh pressures. Applications of high pressure have greatly enhanced our understanding of the electronic, phonon, and doping effects on the newly emerged graphene and related 2D layered materials. High pressure has created exotic stoichiometry even in common Group 17, 15, and 14 compounds and drastically altered the basic s and p bonding of organic compounds. Differential pressure measurements enable us to study the rheology and flow of mantle minerals in solid state, thus quantitatively constraining the geodynamics. They also introduce a new approach to understand defect and plastic deformations of nano particles. These examples open new frontiers of high-pressure research.
Matter and Radiation at Extremes
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 2016
- Vol. 1, Issue 1, 59 (2016)
From concept to reality - A review to the primary test stand and its preliminary application in high energy density physics
Jianjun Deng, Weiping Xie, Shuping Feng, Meng Wang, Hongtao Li, Shengyi Song, Minghe Xia, Ji Ce, An He, Qing Tian, Yuanchao Gu, Yongchao Guan, Bin Wei, Xianbin Huang, Xiaodong Ren, Jiakun Dan, Jing Li, Shaotong Zhou, Hongchun Cai, Siqun Zhang, Kunlun Wang, Qiang Xu, Yujuan Wang, Zhaohui Zhang, Guilin Wang, Shuai Guo, Yi He, Yiwei Zhou, Zhanji Zhang, Libing Yang, and Wenkang Zou
Pulsed power technology, whereas the electrical energy stored in a relative long period is released in much shorter timescale, is an efficient method to create high energy density physics (HEDP) conditions in laboratory. Around the beginning of this century, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP) began to build some experimental facilities for HEDP investigations, among which the Primary Test Stand (PTS), a multi-module pulsed power facility with a nominal current of 10 MA and a current rising time ~90 ns, is an important achievement on the roadmap of the electro-magnetically driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF) researches. PTS is the first pulsed power facility beyond 10 TW in China. Therefore, all the technologies have to be demonstrated, and all the engineering issues have to be overcome. In this article, the research outline, key technologies and the preliminary HEDP experiments are reviewed. Prospects on HEDP research on PTS and pulsed power development for the next step are also discussed. Pulsed power technology, whereas the electrical energy stored in a relative long period is released in much shorter timescale, is an efficient method to create high energy density physics (HEDP) conditions in laboratory. Around the beginning of this century, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP) began to build some experimental facilities for HEDP investigations, among which the Primary Test Stand (PTS), a multi-module pulsed power facility with a nominal current of 10 MA and a current rising time ~90 ns, is an important achievement on the roadmap of the electro-magnetically driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF) researches. PTS is the first pulsed power facility beyond 10 TW in China. Therefore, all the technologies have to be demonstrated, and all the engineering issues have to be overcome. In this article, the research outline, key technologies and the preliminary HEDP experiments are reviewed. Prospects on HEDP research on PTS and pulsed power development for the next step are also discussed.
Matter and Radiation at Extremes
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 2016
- Vol. 1, Issue 1, 48 (2016)
High energy density physics with intense ion beams
Boris Yu. Sharkov, Dieter H.H. Hoffmann, Alexander A. Golubev, and Yongtao Zhao
We review the development of High Energy Density Physics (HEDP) with intense heavy ion beams as a tool to induce extreme states of matter. The development of this field connects intimately to the advances in accelerator physics and technology. We will cover the generation of intense heavy ion beams starting from the ion source and follow the acceleration process and transport to the target. Intensity limitations and potential solutions to overcome these limitations are discussed. This is exemplified by citing examples from existing machines at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung (GSI-Darmstadt), the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics in Moscow (ITEP-Moscow), and the Institute of Modern Physics (IMP-Lanzhou). Facilities under construction like the FAIR facility in Darmstadt and the High Intensity Accelerator Facility (HIAF), proposed for China will be included. Developments elsewhere are covered where it seems appropriate along with a report of recent results and achievements. We review the development of High Energy Density Physics (HEDP) with intense heavy ion beams as a tool to induce extreme states of matter. The development of this field connects intimately to the advances in accelerator physics and technology. We will cover the generation of intense heavy ion beams starting from the ion source and follow the acceleration process and transport to the target. Intensity limitations and potential solutions to overcome these limitations are discussed. This is exemplified by citing examples from existing machines at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung (GSI-Darmstadt), the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics in Moscow (ITEP-Moscow), and the Institute of Modern Physics (IMP-Lanzhou). Facilities under construction like the FAIR facility in Darmstadt and the High Intensity Accelerator Facility (HIAF), proposed for China will be included. Developments elsewhere are covered where it seems appropriate along with a report of recent results and achievements.
Matter and Radiation at Extremes
- Publication Date: Jan. 01, 2016
- Vol. 1, Issue 1, 28 (2016)
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